Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
The digitalization of the economy remains one of the dominant directions of the development of national economies, and international cooperation in the digital sphere is a priority area of interaction with external partners based on the needs and objectives of economic transformation. The study of digitalization and digital cooperation between countries with emerging markets is particularly relevant due to the need to systematize the features of this process from a theoretical and practical point of view and the possibility of adapting and using this experience for other actors. China and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) attract scientific and practical interest as partner countries whose bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the digital sphere has an impact not only on these states, but also on third countries, primarily members of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Persian Gulf. The hypothesis of the article is that bilateral cooperation between China and Saudi Arabia in the field of digitalization contributes to a more active and comprehensive digital transformation of the Saudi economy and the solution of important social tasks within the framework of the «social contract» of this country. According to the author, important factors stimulating digital cooperation between the parties are not only the objective internal capabilities of both countries, but also external factors such as changes in regional and global geopolitical structures. The article shows that the main areas of digital cooperation between the parties are currently the 5G information and communication system, the data center and cloud computing industry, and the construction of smart cities. The author concludes that notable successes have already been noted in these areas, but it is important to extend digital cooperation to other areas, as well as solve remaining problems. As cooperation between the two sides deepens in the construction of digital infrastructure, cooperation between China and Saudi Arabia in the fields of digital economy, network security, and data management will continue to deepen.
People’s Republic of China (PRC), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), digitalization, digital cooperation, digital technologies, smart cities, digital infrastructure
1. Varnavskiy V.G. Mirovaya torgovlya: dolgosrochnye trendy i strukturnye sdvigi // Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye ekonomicheskie otnosheniya. 2024. T. 68. № 1. S. 5-18. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-1-5-18 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/DYKJNG
2. Kirillov V.N. Vzaimodeystvie processov globalizacii, deglobalizacii, fragmentacii i regionalizacii // Nauchnoe obozrenie. Seriya 1: Ekonomika i pravo. 2024. № 5. S. 61-72. DOI:https://doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2024-05-05 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/IBXANE
3. Kitay i Saudovskaya Araviya: partnerstvo v cifrovoy ekonomike na novom urovne / [Elektronnyy resurs] – Rezhim dostupa: https://tsargrad.tv/novost/kitaj-i-saudovskaja-aravija-partnerstvo-v-cifrovoj-jekonomike-na-novom-urovne_1160958?ysclid=m93y9na41254083897 (data obrascheniya 05.04.2025).
4. Kuznecov A.V., Naumkin V.V. Global'nye i regional'nye trendy «stoletiya+» na Blizhnem Vostoke: novoe prochtenie // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 25: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya i mirovaya politika. 2023. T. 15. № 1. S. 70-92. DOI:https://doi.org/10.48015/2076- 7404-2023-15-1-70-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2023-15-1-70-92; EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LYAMXE
5. Melan'ina M.V., Ponomareva V.S. Cifrovoe obschestvo v stranah Blizhnego Vostoka i Severnoy Afriki: novye vozmozhnosti // Ekonomika i upravlenie: problemy, resheniya. 2021. T. 1. № 10 (118). S. 190-196. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.10.01.021 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/AWWDPW
6. Novye trendy cifrovizacii: mir i Rossiya / Ponomarenko E.V., Digilina O.B., Shkvarya L.V., Verenikina A.Yu., Melan'ina M.V., Nalbandyan A.A., Oganesyan A.A., Ruzina E.I., Tyrkba H.V., Pavlov A.M., Ponomareva V.SNT. Moskva, 2023. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/2009648 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RGYTHR
7. Rusakovich V.I. Strany SSAGPZ: investicionnaya sostavlyayuschaya tehnologicheskogo razvitiya // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. 2019. № 5. S. 34-40. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750004747-3 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/AAUPUA
8. Rusakovich V.I. Stremitel'nyy rost kitayskoy ekonomiki i nakoplenie strukturnyh protivorechiy: vozmozhno li vosstanovlenie? // Rossiya i Aziya. 2023. № 4 (26). S. 6-18. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/IAHQAZ
9. Smirnov E.N. Cifrovye platformy v arhitekture sovremennogo mezhdunarodnogo biznesa // Vestnik Evraziyskoy nauki. 2020. T. 12. № 1. S. 65. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YPITIA
10. Fedorchenko A. V. Reformirovanie saudovskoy ekonomiki: itogi i perspektivy // Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2021. T. 65. № 4. S. 92-102. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-4-92-102 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ZAHRTN
11. Aidrous I.A., Asmyatullin R.R., Glavina S.G. The development of the digital economy: GCC countries experience / Industry Competitiveness: Digitalization, Management, and Integration. Vol. 2. Ser. «Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 280». Luxembourg, 2021. Rr. 163-169. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80485-5_21 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/GZWFXR
12. Aiyar S., Chen J., Ebeke C., Garcia-Saltos R., Gudmundsson T., Ilyina A., Kangur A., Rodriguez S., Ruta M., Schulze T., Trevino J., Kunaratskul T., Soderberg, G. Geoeconomic Fragmentation and the Future of Multilateralism. IMF Staff Discussion Note, SDN/2023/01, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400229046.006
13. Announcement of Investing 400 Million USD for Establishing Huawei Cloud Region in Saudi Arabia / [Elektronnyy resurs] – Rezhim dostupa: https://forum.huawei.com/enterprise/intl/en/thread/announcement-of-investing-400-million-usd-for-establishing-huawei-cloud-region-in-saudi-arabia/667281718610116609?blogId=667281718610116609 (data obrascheniya 05.04.2025)
14. Arshad Ahmed. China’s economic relations with Saudi Arabia // Universe International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2020. Vol.1. Is. 2. Pp. 320-323.
15. Asmyatullin R.R., Tyrkba K.V., Ruzina E.I. Smart cities in GCC: comparative study of economic dimension / IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. International Science and Technology Conference «Earth Science». 2020. S. 062045. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/459/6/062045 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LHJFVR
16. Beutel J. Economic diversification and sustainable development of GCC countries / In: When Can Oil Economies Be Deemed Sustainable? 2021, Pp. 99-151. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5728-6_6
17. Dongmei C. China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Saudi Vision 2030: A Review of the Partnership for Sustainability. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC). Riyadh, 2021. 30 r. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.30573/KS--2021-DP016
18. From Deserts to Digital Dominance: Tech Transformation in the GCC / [Elektronnyy resurs] – Rezhim dostupa: https://www.telecomreview.com/articles/reports-and-coverage/7409-from-deserts-to-digital-dominance-tech-transformation-in-the-gcc (data obrascheniya 05.04.2025)
19. Fulton J. China-Saudi Arabia Relations Through the ‘1 þ 2 þ 3’Cooperation Pattern // Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. 2020. Vol. 14. Is. 4. Pp. 1-12. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2020.1841991 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346728606_China-Saudi_Arabia_Relations_Through_the_’1_23’_Cooperation_Pattern EDN: https://elibrary.ru/IYILJR
20. Huawei vo vremya vizita Si Czin'pinya v Saudovskuyu Araviyu zaklyuchila soglasheniya o postavkah IT v korolevstvo / [Elektronnyy resurs] – Rezhim dostupa: https://d-russia.ru/huawei-vo-vremja-vizita-si-czinpinja-v-saudovskuju-araviju-zakljuchila-soglashenija-o-postavkah-it-v-korolevstvo.html?ysclid=m93yd87a2355462980 (data obrascheniya 05.04.2025).
21. Shkvarya L.V., Aidrous I.A.Z., Ruzina E.I., Savinsky A.V., Rodin S.I. Development of high-tech segment in the GCC region on the example of the aviation component of the Kingdom of Bahrain / IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Ser. «Workshop on Materials and Engineering in Aeronautics» 2019. S. 012025. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/476/1/012025 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/WUQJUZ
22. Shkvarya L.V., Hailing Y. Digital economy in China: modern trends / In: Modern Global Economic System: Evolutional Development vs. Revolutionary Leap. Institute of Scientific Communications Conference. Cham, 2021. Pp. 1209-1216. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69415-9_131 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/QZUAAA
23. Smith E. China and Saudi Arabia, the new axis on artificial intelligence / [Elektronnyy resurs] – Rezhim dostupa: https://www.worldexcellence.com/china-and-saudi-arabia-the-new-axis-on-artificial-intelligence/ (data obrascheniya 05.04.2025)
24. UNCTADSTAT. UNCTAD / [Elektronnyy resurs] – Rezhim dostupa: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/US.GDPTotal
